Education and Outreach These basic approaches of NEPA are sound principles for management planning involving any coral reef protected area, whether or not undertaken by federal agencies in the United States, although impact statements as detailed as the EISs prepared in the United States may not always be feasible or warranted. 281 pp. UNESCO Regional Office for Science and Technology, Southeast Asia. More research on the potential of using coral larvae to restock denuded reefs, now showing some promise in the Pacific, may lead to more use of this method in reef restoration. Dixon, J.A. Cost recovery through user fee programs is also being used at many designated parks and refuges to supplement area base funding. Economic benefits of marine protected areas. While managers have no control over hurricanes or outbreaks of coral disease, they can control recreational use of reefs, fishing intensity, anchoring of boats and, in some cases, sedimentation from careless coastal development. While often not distinguished, education and outreach activities can have distinctly different messages and concepts and be widely applied for different circumstances. Although at least minimal agency base funding must be available to establish a protected area and initiate management activities, there are usually several potential additional sources of funding available to area managers to support management activities. Ship and small boat groundings can heavily damage coral reefs and virtually every coral reef system near human population centers experiences these impacts. Photographs provide a permanent record of reef or surrounding landscape appearance at a given time. Dixon, J.A. and R.E. + Appendices. It is human nature to covet what we best know and understand, and thus, an informed community creates better stewards for our protected areas. Whatever the mechanisms used, evaluation and plan revision are essential to a responsive management system. In addition, juveniles of many species develop in near shore coastal habitats and mangrove areas before moving to the reef as adults. National Park Service However, some of the most devastating stresses in the last 2 decades have involved natural (or apparently natural) stresses. Fisheries Program Leader   6. An additional challenge exists in getting information distributed to a wide audience with varying levels of knowledge. Managers must commit to routine correspondence and reporting to colleagues. 1994. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute 43:217-241. Ideally, a combination of photographic and non-photographic techniques, such as direct in-water censusing of reef organisms or sampling of water quality, is used. No. 1201 Oak Ridge Drive, Suite 250 In other situations, measuring variations over time in the relative abundance of corals and other organisms on an unstressed reef can provide a basis for evaluating observed changes on nearby reefs that are stressed by human activities. Resource exploitation in the form of fish and shellfish harvest is allowed in all coral reef sanctuaries, parks and refuges under United States jurisdiction. Marine Wilderness Foster, N. and M.H. A National Research Council committee on ecosystem management of sustainable marine fisheries recently noted that this figure provides a Aworthwhile reference point. In general, managers of coral reef protected areas need to know: 1) where the reefs are located; 2) what condition the reefs are in; 3) how the reefs are changing; 4) which human induced and natural events could be causing reef deterioration; and 5) whether the existing protective measures are adequate to prevent degradation and, where necessary, allow reef recovery. 1984. Salvat, B. use of digital video cameras in underwater housings to document abundance of reef organisms, particularly living coral and the "fleshy" algae ("seaweed") that are useful indicators of reef status. Underwater inspection with SCUBA or snorkel will be required to determine exactly what certain areas represent. UNESCO Regional Office for Science and Technology, Southeast Asia. By identifying and addressing the combined effects of natural and anthropogenic stresses, managers can better protect coral reefs. Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute 43:217-241. 10. Outreach is simply "reaching out" to the audience with information, often conducted in a public forum in an informal setting (e.g. Back to list of elements. It is important that considerable thought be given to management objectives and desired information when designing and implementing a monitoring program. Monitoring Ship and small boat groundings can heavily damage coral reefs and virtually every coral reef system near human population centers experiences these impacts. Rogers, C.S., G. Garrison, R. Grober, Z. Hillis, M.A. It is human nature to covet what we best know and understand, and thus, an informed community creates better stewards for our protected areas. Evaluation should be continual and begin at the time of implementation, but a formal evaluation mechanism or procedure is desirable. Coral reefs are unique, biologically rich, and complex ecosystems that are sometimes called the "rainforests of the ocean." Establishing an evaluation team of managers from other marine protected areas is a good way to obtain a more technical and perhaps objective review of management effectiveness. + Appendices. 1976. water and air pollution, over-fishing, human alteration of coastlines, and sedimentation). Adequate personnel should be either employed or sought from volunteers for important basic functions. Back to list of elements. Restoration techniques following impacts include transplanting live corals, seeding coral larvae, replacing limestone substrate in deeply gouged reef areas, and transplanting seagrasses and other organisms. Because threats to the coral reef ecosystem may come from upland areas long distances away, monitoring programs should attempt to include observations of changes in local watersheds, stormwater discharges, sewage treatment facilities and agricultural activities. For example, many fish and invertebrates leave the reef to feed or spawn, with some foraging daily a mile or more away. The location of reefs can be documented using aerial photography and other remote sensing techniques (see Mapping discussion). Outreach is less formal, for example, a story about how a sponge spawns or the latest data showing increased fish populations in a designated marine reserve. At a scale of 1:5000, many reef features are visible, and if the photos are taken during calm and clear conditions, water clarity may allow resolution of major features to a depth of 60 feet or more. Coral reef communities are linked in an inextricable web of commonality. Coral reef sanctuaries, parks, refuges or other protected areas have already been recognized as priority areas for protection by virtue of their park, sanctuary, or refuge designation. 970-225-9965 (fax) The 20 percent reference point recommended for complete protection within total potential fishing area is a bare minimum. Back to list of elements. providing basic information on safety, rules, and importance of the reef system Aerial photographs provide a good starting point for a general survey of reef resources. Marine protected area managers should view themselves as public servants and a custodian of public resources. For corals, anemones, and other stationary bottom species, reliable currents for egg dispersal and nutrient delivery, and opportunities for settlement are paramount. Watch for changes both outside and within the MPA that will have impacts on the coral reef system. Generally employees will be more motivated if they are knowledgeable in their area of responsibility and feel they have management support to improve that knowledge. Among the duties are coordination of a program to map and monitor U.S. coral reefs including those located in special marine protected areas such as national marine sanctuaries, national estuarine research reserves, national parks and national wildlife refuges. UNESCO Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology. use of digital video cameras in underwater housings to document abundance of reef organisms, particularly living coral and the "fleshy" algae ("seaweed") that are useful indicators of reef status. Cost recovery through user fee programs is also being used at many designated parks and refuges to supplement area base funding. 302p. 1978. Coral reef management handbook. of Fisheries and Aquatic Sci. It is important that considerable thought be given to management objectives and desired information when designing and implementing a monitoring program. An information network for area managers has been established on the Internet for the Caribbean area. EPA diver swimming over a coral reef outcrop showing stony corals and soft corals (sea fans). For example, if you need to determine whether hotel sewage is causing an increase in algae on a nearby reef, both the algal abundance and nutrients in the water or sediments would need to be documented. In general, managers of coral reef protected areas need to know: 1) where the reefs are located; 2) what condition the reefs are in; 3) how the reefs are changing; 4) which human induced and natural events could be causing reef deterioration; and 5) whether the existing protective measures are adequate to prevent degradation and, where necessary, allow reef recovery. Rigney, H. 1990. Managers should also look to local communities, and corporate sponsors who may benefit from the presence and protection of the MPA resources. Resource Needs and Sources Each coral reef protected area should have a management plan that is prepared in cooperation with stakeholders and which addresses the elements of this Blueprint. Carr, M.H. A periodic "corporate report to the stockholders" is an essential part of that relationship. Duplication of coral reef protection efforts is not always necessary when coordination of activities, information, and methodologies and sharing of infrastructure, training opportunities, and products will increase efficiency. Rigney, H. 1990. Carr, M.H. 9. Back to list of elements. Adequate personnel should be either employed or sought from volunteers for important basic functions. Kenchington, R.A. and B. Hudson (eds.). Managing marine protected areas: An action plan. Monitoring programs should trigger responsive actions of additional investigation when signs of change beyond normally anticipated levels are observed. Reporting of management results should be considered critical element to gaining and maintaining public support for the marine protected area. Any successful management program must be periodically evaluated. Current attempts to use aerial photos and in-water "hyperspectral" sensors, e.g., to identify specific spectral "signatures" for diseased or dead corals, may expedite reef assessment over large areas. Restoration techniques following impacts include transplanting live corals, seeding coral larvae, replacing limestone substrate in deeply gouged reef areas, and transplanting seagrasses and other organisms. Monitoring: 1993. Outreach is simply "reaching out" to the audience with information, often conducted in a public forum in an informal setting (e.g. Reserves prohibiting the exploitation of resources of the kind established on land in the United States are generally absent from the sea. The National Marine Sanctuaries Act, the Park System Resources Protection Act, and other legal authorities can often be used to recover damages. It is often the most entrepreneurial manager that is the most successful. Carr, M.H. Although large scale resource maps are essential, they will not provide detailed documentation of many community level changes. More research on the potential of using coral larvae to restock denuded reefs, now showing some promise in the Pacific, may lead to more use of this method in reef restoration. Jobs, and corporate sponsors who may benefit from the same sources as above from. Ecological hot spots efforts have been made to engage the non-governmental public directly in.! 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